Cancer prevention: 5 key elements of the modifiable disease risk spectrum

Recent scientific advancements in cancer prevention over the past decade have provided valuable insights into the challenges posed by „harms of civilization.” The interplay between environmental pollution and the damage to our microbiome is significant, leading to chronic metabolic and inflammatory changes in the human body that can result in somatic mutations and tumor development. Modifiable risk factors associated with non-communicable disorders and cancer are typical lifestyle characteristics of urban settings in developed countries. This pattern largely contributes to the rising incidence of malignant tumors at increasingly younger ages worldwide over recent decades. In the context of Hungary, we face particularly concerning statistics on both an international and regional level. While public opinion often attributes these issues to shortcomings within the healthcare system and a lack of engagement with screening programs, the influence of lifestyle factors goes beyond what healthcare interventions and screenings can address. Social habits and the broader social environment are critical determinants of cancer risk.

This summary aims to provide a comprehensive review of five essential modifiable disease risk factors in relation to cancer: inadequate daily exercise, obesity, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and the consumption of ultra-processed meat products. These factors lay the groundwork for structured prevention programs and essential public health education initiatives.