Challenges in the management of pediatric malignant tumors of the head and neck region in childhood, with special emphasis on soft tissue sarcomas occuring in the area

Malignant tumors are rare in childhood, but they are still the second leading cause of death in childhood after accidents. Tumors of the head and neck region are rare in children, but their treatment can cause special diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for clinicians. The anatomical complexity of the region, the proximity of growing structures, sensitive organs, and aesthetic considerations require increased attention and careful planning when compiling oncological treatments. Both benign and malignant tumors occur in the region. A significant part of the latter are primary tumors, but metastases or secondary malignancies can also develop caused by previous oncological treatments. The clinical significance of these tumors is also outstanding because, due to the proximity of vital structures, oncological treatment of tumors can have serious functional and aesthetic consequences even at an early stage. A multidisciplinary approach – pediatric oncologist, surgeon, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, radiation therapist, oral surgeon, endocrinologist, rehabilitation specialist, etc. – is essential for the successful treatment of patients and for achieving cosmetic results that ensure a good quality of life. This paper reviews the spectrum of childhood head and neck malignancies, with a special focus on the epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis of sarcomas.