Muscle Loss in Cancer: Pathophysiology, Clinical Significance, and Therapeutic Strategies

Cancer-associated muscle loss, including sarcopenia and cachexia, is a prevalent condition affecting 20–70% of oncology patients. Its pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving systemic inflammation, tumor–host interactions, and metabolic and neuroendocrine alterations. Sarcopenia is an independent prognostic factor associated with reduced survival, increased treatment toxicity, and impaired quality of life. Diagnosis increasingly relies on imaging-based methods, particularly CT-derived muscle mass assessment. Management requires a multimodal approach including nutritional support, exercise, and pharmacological interventions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current evidence.